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Metabolic programming and early nutrition.

Ramakrishna Swami

 Recent studies on the early programming of adult metabolic disease have shed light on the molecular effects of early environment on long-term health. Studies on the placental interface, maternal nutrition, oxygen exposure, hazardous events, and infection are included, as are studies examining the roles of intrauterine food availability and the early postnatal environment. The epidemiological evidence for the programming of metabolic disease will be examined in this review, along with an overview of the numerous research that has used animals to simulate the results of metabolic phenotypic outcomes. Evidence supporting the suggested molecular pathways and the possibility of intervention will also be covered. Fasting hyperglycaemia, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, central obesity, systemic inflammation, hypertension, decreased HDL cholesterol, and raised triglycerides are only a few of the symptoms that make up the metabolic syndrome. There is no disputing the widespread nature of the metabolic syndrome, with prevalence in the US estimated at 25% of the population, despite some controversy over causality and the proportional weight given to each of these criteria in the formal classification of the condition.